Like I mentioned before: without seeing the shot it's difficult to give you good advice.
Looking at the images you provided, it appears that there is also focus pulling in the shot, which makes tracking even more difficult since whatever it is you're tracking will change shape and size as well.
How much distance is traversed in the shot? If you need fog in the background maybe a 2D track will work as well. But it all comes down to: what is the shot?
but when I track only parts the solver declines to work, because the tracks from the parts are not connected to him.
I am not sure what you mean by this. If you set your render range for example from 0-100 and you do your track in that range, it will come back with a solve (unless it's not solvable) but in itself the images you showed us have quite a lot of detail, so there should be plenty to track.