Jeff and Jeremy, thanks for your suggestions.
You've got a 55wh battery. Odds are it's just dying that fast. If not, then it's overheating.
The battery is definitely not dying, but overheating might be it. I discounted overheating before b/c it will crash on battery after two minutes -- even if it's not doing anything -- but I can edit for hours plugged in without a problem. The only reason I think it might be the cause now is that it exhibited the same behavior a couple days ago, but for the first time it was a) plugged in and b) not running DR. I think in that case it may have been having trouble getting air in to vent, overheated and went into BIOS shutdown.
So the only thing I can think of is that maybe it gets hotter on the train b/c it's on my lap, and also maybe it runs hotter when it's on battery power for some reason? I feel like I'm grasping at straws, but I still don't have any better ideas.
also - is there a discrete GPU at all? When we got our new laptops DR ran fine on power - but crashed if on battery. Laptops were switching to the discrete GPU to save power. Not sure if that would be an issue under Linux but just looking at ideas to help

Yes, there is integrated Intel graphics, plus an NVIDIA 1070. DR won't start at all with Intel activated, so NVIDIA is the only option. I'm trying to get System76 tech support to give me details on what happens when it switches to battery or switches power modes, but they don't seem to want to lay it out for me, for some reason. It has three power modes: High Performance, Battery, and Balanced. I tried forcing it stay in High Performance (by default it's always on Balanced), and that got me the longest battery run on record so far. I'm going to try Battery mode next; I'm thinking maybe if it throttles the CPU or something that will help control the heat.
Really, though, nothing I've thought of yet actually explains all of this behavior. There's just no way it overheats in 2 minutes while idle. So I'm still just casting about looking for possibilities.
Thanks for your help!
JMT